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José de Bustamante and Central American Independence: Colonial Repression and the Path to 1821
"José de Bustamante y Guerra served as the Captain General of Guatemala from 1811 to 1818, a pivotal period marked by revolutionary upheaval across Spanish America. His regime of strict military control, intelligence gathering, and political repression—historically termed Bustamantismo—suppressed early independence uprisings, delayed armed revolution, and ultimately drove Central American elites toward full separation from Spain in 1821. Historical Context: The Kingdom of Guatemala on the Eve of Crisis At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Captaincy General of Guatemala (also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala) encompassed the provinc..."
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