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Understanding the Fourth Phase of Water: Exclusion Zone Theory and Biophysical Implications in 2026
"The scientific landscape regarding the fundamental properties of water has evolved significantly. While traditional thermodynamics long recognized solid, liquid, and vapor, contemporary research has solidified the existence of the fourth phase of water, known scientifically as the Exclusion Zone (EZ). This phase exists at the interface between liquid water and hydrophilic surfaces, exhibiting unique structural and energetic properties that challenge conventional molecular biology models as of 2026. Defining the Fourth Phase: Beyond Classical States The classical model of water assumes a chaotic, hydrogen-bonded network of molecules moving ran..."
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