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Pulse Oximetry Principles and Practice in Anaesthesia
"Pulse oximetry is an indispensable, non-invasive monitoring modality in modern anaesthesia, providing continuous estimation of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$) and heart rate to detect early signs of hypoxemia before clinical cyanosis manifests. Introduction and Historical Evolution of Pulse Oximetry The journey toward modern pulse oximetry began with the pioneering work of Millikan in the 1940s, who developed the first ear oximeter using two wavelengths of light. However, early devices were plagued by limitations caused by tissue thickness variations, systemic vascular changes, and the inability to distinguish between pulsatil..."
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