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The History of a Different DNA: From Synthetic Bases to Xeno Nucleic Acids
"The history of a different DNA refers to the scientific evolution of Xeno Nucleic Acids (XNAs) and expanded genetic alphabets that deviate from the standard G-C-A-T structure. This field chronicles how researchers moved beyond natural biology to engineer synthetic genetic systems capable of information storage, replication, and evolution. Since the mid-20th century, the biological world has been defined by a universal genetic language: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Composed of four nitrogenous bases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)—this "canonical" DNA was long thought to be the only viable blueprint for life. However, t..."
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