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Why Gregory Hays’s Translation of Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations is the Definitive English Edition

"Gregory Hays’s translation of Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations, published by Modern Library in 2002 (and later Penguin Classics), stands as the gold standard for modern readers seeking direct access to Roman Stoic philosophy. Unlike older Victorian-era translations that obfuscated the Roman emperor’s private journal in archaic, biblical prose, Hays renders the Greek text into fluid, accessible, and remarkably contemporary English that captures both the intellectual rigor and the deeply personal nature of Marcus's self-admonishments. Understanding the Text: What is Meditations? Written between approximately 161 and 180 AD while Marcus Aurelius wa..."

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