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A Short History of the American Civil War: Causes, Key Battles, and Lasting Impact

"The American Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, remains the central constitutional and human crisis in the history of the United States. It was an all-encompassing military conflict that pitted the Northern states, organized as the United States of America (the Union), against eleven Southern states that seceded to form the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). At its core, the war was fought over the institution of chattel slavery, the limits of state sovereignty versus federal authority, and the fundamental economic and moral direction of a rapidly expanding republic. By the time the final Confederate armies surrendered in..."

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